Class 6 English Honey Suckle Revision Notes 2023 term 2

 

CLASS 6 REVISION NOTES 

                      5. A Different Kind of School 

1. It is a story of a unique school where children are taught how to sympathies with others and be helpful. The writer of the story has heard a lot about Miss Beam’s school.

2. Upon reaching there, he notices a girl whose eyes are covered with bandages and a boy who is about four year younger, helping her. He finally meets Miss Beam who explains her teaching methods.

3. She tells him that her main aim of teaching in this school is to help children become more kind and thoughtful. 

5. In order to help her children appreciated and understand the less-fortunate, the school makes them share in their misfortune. So, they are made lame or their eyes are covered so they can realise the true essence of the misfortune.

6. Similarly, she tells other children to help them out. Thus, each term, every child has one blind, one lame, one injured, one dumb and one deaf day. Everyone plays this ‘game’ at school.

7. Miss Beam asks the author to spend some time with the girl having a bandage on her eyes. 

8. The girl tells the author how being blind for a day is the hardest thing to do. It is because movement becomes difficult and they always have to worry about getting hurt. They keep dodging things which are not even there.

9. Then, the writer goes for a short walk with the girl. After that, he realises that he has become ten times more thoughtful. Moreover, he also realises that describing things to people brings him great pleasure.

Theme:

A Different Kind of School lesson teaches us how to be respectful ,helpful and compassionate to others.We must be grateful for what we have and make the most of it.

1. Why do you think the writer visited Miss Beam’s school? 
Ans: The writer had heard much about Miss Beam’s new teaching method. So he visited her school to see the new play-way method personally.

2. What was the ‘game’ that every child in the school had to play? 
Ans: Every child in the school had to play the role of being blind, deaf, dumb, injured and lame once in a term. It was a sort of game and training.

3. “Each term every child has one blind day, one lame day …”. Complete the line. Which day was the hardest? Why was it the hardest?
Ans:  “… one injured day and one dumb day.” Being blind was the hardest day. The student felt that he/she was going to be hit by something every moment.

4. What was the purpose of these special days? 
Ans: The purpose of these special days was to give the children a personal taste of misfortune. They learnt to help the needy in society. Such training made them good citizens.

5. How was Miss Beam’s school different from other schools? What was the difference between Miss Beam’s school and the other schools?

Ans:Miss Beam’s school was different from another school because it teaches moral values, thoughtfulness and kindness apart from the general study while all the other schools focus on teaching subjects.  The school makes them share the misfortune of others in order to make them responsible citizens. 

6. Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow choosing the best option from among the given ones.

Miss Beam was all that I had expected—middle-aged, full of authority, yet kind and understanding. Her hair was beginning to turn grey, and she had the kind of plump figure that is likely to be comforting to a homesick child. I asked her some questions about her teaching methods, which I had heard were simple.

i. Miss Beam was

a. attractive                                                                                  b. ugly                                                                                          c. what the author expected                                                        d. social

ii. Miss Beam seemed

 a. powerful but sympathetic                                                         b. angry yet kind                                                                         c. middle-aged and wise                                                           d. philosophical and thoughtful

iii. According to the author, a homesick child was likely to

  a. fear her                                                                                    b. hate her                                                                                  c. respect her                                                                            d. trust her

iv. The author asked Miss Beam about the way

  a. she lived                                                                                b. she taught                                                                              c. she handled children                                                            d. the children were taught

v. The word ‘understanding’ here means

  a. wisdom                                                                                  b. sense                                                                                    c. sympathetic                                                                          d. knowledge

Ans: i. (c), ii. (a), iii. (d), iv. (d), v. (c).

A.  Match the words and phrases with their meanings in the box below.

paragraph numbers

Ans:

                         6. Who I Am 

1. What reason does Radha's mother give for not allowing her to climb trees? Why?

Radha's mother says that it is not sensible for girls to climb trees. Probably she is scared that Radha might fall and hurt herself.

2. How did Serbjit control his anger?

Sarabjit controlled his anger by looking down at his shoes and count to ten so that he could hide his anger.

3. Why does Rohit want to go to Lakshadweep?

Rohit's ambition is to travel all over the world. In this spirit, he wants to see the beaches of Lakshadweep.

4. What was the favorite activity of Radha?

Radha's favorite activity was climbing the trees.

5. Why and what does Serbjit use to do when he is angry?

 Serbjit feels disheartened every time he is looked upon by everybody for lying even though he is telling the truth. So he has to look down at his shoes and count to ten to show that he is not angry with these false claims.

6. What is it that Nasir wants to find out and what prompted him to do that?

Nasir wanted to find out how to preserve seeds so that they can be used again. Every year his father had to spend a lot of money on buying seeds which prompted him to find out about their preservation.

7. Why was the second Sunday of every month was special in Peter’s life?

The second Sunday was special because on this day Peter’s family used to visit a cinema hall. His family members enjoyed peanuts and ice-cream.

8. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

My favourite activity is climbing trees. Just outside our house, there is a mango tree which I love to go up. Its branches spread out, so it is simple to climb up the tree, and I can sit comfortably in the fork of two branches. My mother tells me it is not sensible for girls to climb trees, but one afternoon she climbed up too, and both of us sat there talking and eating raw mangoes.

i. Who does 'My' refer to?

ii. What is her favourite activity?

iii. Where is the mango tree?

iv. What does her mother tell her?

v. Find a word from the above extract that means the same as to right.

Ans: i. ‘My’ refers to Radha from the lesson 'Who I am'.

ii. Her favourite activity is to climb trees especially climbing the mango tree just outside her house.

iii. The mango tree is just outside her house.

iv. Her mother tells her that it is not sensible for girls to climb trees.

v. The word is sensible.

                                   7. Fair Play

1. It is a story about two best friends, Jumman Shaikh and Algu Chowdhry. Their friendship is  famous throughout the village.

2. Jumman’s aunt transfers her property to Jumman. Her only condition is that he must take care of her for the rest of her life.

3. Jumman agrees but after some years, his behaviour changes. He does not treat her well and she has to face a lot of trouble. He does not give her food. When things go beyond limits, she asks Jumman to give her some money every month.

4.However, Jumman does not even listen to this and insults her. With no other option left, she takes the matter to the Panchayat.

5. Jumman’s aunt chooses Algu to be the head Panch of her case. As Algu becomes the head Panch, he decides to speak the truth without favouring his best friend. So, the judgement is given in the aunt’s favour.

6. This angers Jumman and he agrees to give her the fixed monthly amount as per the judgement. He starts hating Algu. Within a few days, Algu finds himself in a tough situation.

7. One of Algu’s pair of bullocks dies so he sells his other bullock to Samjhu Sahu. He had to pay the money within a month’s time but the sold bullock died before the expiry of the payment’s period.

8. Thus, Samjhu declines to pay the money to Algu. Now, Algu goes to the Panchayat to get justice. Samjhu Sahu appoints Jumman as the head Panch as he knows very well he is now Algu’s enemy.

9. But, when Algu sits at the position of the head Panch, he realises his responsibility  . He understands how his position is above everything in this world.

10. Even though Algu is afraid of losing the case, Jumman speaks the truth. Thus, the judgement is passed in the favour of Algu. Consequently, Sahu has to pay the money to Algu.

11. The feeling of bringing justice was so overwhelming to Algu that he declares how the voice of the Panch is the voice of God.

Theme

Fair Play lesson makes us realise that justice must be equal for all. Moreover, it tells us how we must all favour the truth and understand the responsibility given to us and act accordingly.

A.  Who says this to whom and why?

1. “My wife knows best how to run the house.”
2. “But is it right, my son, to keep mum and not say what you consider just and fair?”
3. “What have you to say in your defence?”
4. “I can’t pay you a penny for the wretched beast you sold me.”
5. “Victory to the This is justice.”

Answer

1. Jumman speaks these words to his aunt. He wanted to get rid of his aunt. He did not want to give her any allowance.
2. The old aunt says these words to Algu Chowdhry. Algu was unwilling to give his judgement against his best friend.
3. Algu said these words to Jumman when he occupied the seat of the head He was keen to do justice.
4. Sahu said this to Algu Chowdhry. Algu had sold his bullock to Samjhu Sahu. The bullock died because Sahu overworked and underfed the animal. When Algu demanded his money, Algu dishonestly refused to pay him a penny.
5. Jumman was the head He could easily give his verdict against Algu. But the seat of panch made him fair and just. He asked Sahu to pay the money to Algu. At this Algu shouted with joy and welcomed the fair judgement.

B. Answer the following questions.

1. “Then the situation changed.” What is being referred to? 
Ans: The situation changed after the transfer of property. Jumman forgot his promise to look after his old aunt. He as well as his wife began to ill-treat her.

2.When Jumman’s aunt realised that she was not welcome in his house, what arrangement did she suggest? 
Ans: Jumman’s aunt could not bear insults any more. She wanted to cook her food separately. She demanded monthly allowance from her nephew.

3. What was the villagers’ reaction when the aunt explained her case to them?
Ans. The old woman went to several villagers to explain her case and get their support. But some showed sympathy, and some laughed at her. A few advised her to make peace with Jumman.

4. Why was Jumman happy over Algu’s nomination as head Panch? 
Ans: Algu and Jumman were fast friends. So Jumman hoped to get the verdict in his favour. Naturally, he felt happy when the aunt named Algu to act as head Panch.

5. “God lives in the heart of the Panch”, the aunt said. What did she mean? 
Ans. The aunt meant that a person in the seat of a judge becomes fair and just like God. He is not guided by his personal likes and dislikes. He can not do any injustice. He is God’s representative.

6. What was Algu’s verdict as head Panch? How did Jumman take it? 
Ans: Algu heard the case and gave a fair judgement. He asked Jumman either to pay a monthly allowance to his aunt or transfer the property in her name. Jumman was stunned. He became Algu’s enemy. He decided to take revenge o

7. Algu found himself in a tight spot. What was his problem? 
Ans: Algu sold his bullock to Samjhu Sahu, a cart-man. Sahu promised to pay the price within a month. But during this period he took so much work from the animal that it died. Sahu became dishonest. He refused to pay the money.

8. Why was Algu upset over Jumman’s nomination as head Panch?
Ans: Algu was upset because Jumman was already annoyed with him. So he thought  Jumman would take his revenge.

9. What was Jumman’s verdict as head Panch? How did Algu take it?
Ans:  Jumman’s verdict was that Sahu had to pay the price of bullock to Algu. Because when Sahu purchased the bullock from Algu it was hale and hearty. This was a genuine decision. Algu took it happily and said it was a victory of the panchayat.

10. Which of the following sums up the story best?

(i)“I also know that you will not kill your conscience for the sake of friendship.”
(ii)“Let no one deviate from the path of justice and truth for friendship or en- , mity.”
(iii)‘The voice of the Panch is the voice of God.”
Give a reason for your choice.
Ans: I think the second statement sums up the story best.
The person in the seat of a judge becomes fair and just.

A. Replace the italicised portion of each sentence below with a suitable phrase from the box. Make necessary changes, wherever required.

                                   look after         swallow         make it up     keep mum     go into     ease one’s                                                  conscience     as ill luck would have it       a tight spot           take chances      my heart sank

1. The best way to avoid an unnecessary argument is to remain silent
2. Unfortunately, the train I was trying to catch was cancelled.
3. He has been told not to take risks while driving a car through a crowded street.
4. The patient needs to be properly taken care of.
5. Why don’t the two of you end your quarrel by shaking hands?
6. I was in a difficult situation till my friends came to my rescue.
7. When I saw a pile of dirty dishes, I felt very disappointed.
8. I will examine the matter carefully before commenting on it.
9. They criticised him in the meeting but he accepted without protest all the criticism.
10. It will free me from worry to know that I had done nothing wrong.

Ans.

1. The best way to avoid an unnecessary argument is to keep mum.
2. As ill luck would have it; the train I was trying to catch was cancelled.
3. He has been told not to take chances while driving a car through a crowded street.
4. The patient needs to be properly looked after.
5. Why don’t the two of you make it up by shaking hands?
6. I was in a tight spot till my friends came to my rescue.
7. When I saw a pile of dirty dishes, my heart sank.
8. I will go into the matter carefully before commenting on it.
9. They criticised him in the meeting but he swallowed all the criticism.
10. It will ease my conscience to know that I had done nothing wrong.

B. Look at the following phrases and their meanings. Use the phrases to fill in the blanks in the sentences given below.

set up                 —   put in place or start
set aside            —    save or keep for a particular purpose
set down           —    write or record
set out               —    start on a journey
set in                  _   begin and seem likely to continue

1. Why don’t you________________ your ideas on paper?
2. A fund has been_________________ for the soldiers’ families.
3. We should________________ a little money every month.
4. You should buy some woollens before winter___________________
5. They______________ on the last stage of their journey.

Ans:

set downgset up

1. set aside
2. sets in
3. set out.

10 The Banyan Tree

1.  The Banyan Tree" is a story about what the author saw, as a young boy. The author was staying at his grandfather's house. There was a big banyan tree in the yard. 

2.The boy was fond of reading books. So, he created a banyan tree library and he collected books like Treasure Island, Huckleberry Finn and The Story of Dr Dolittle. The boy became friends with a squirrel. He also fed it cakes and biscuits.

3. When the spring season began, the banyan tree started to produce small red figs. The tree branches were filled with different kinds of birds like red-bottomed bulbul, parrots, myna, and crows. All these birds used to fight with each other on the branches. The sounds that all these birds made, made the banyan tree the noisiest place in the garden.

4. The banyan tree story was about the fight of a cobra and a mongoose. Both animals are powerful opponents. The three spectators in the yard were, the author (boy), a myna and a wild crow. There was a fight between the cobra and the mongoose.

5. The cobra and the mongoose made three attempts to kill each other. In the third attempt, the mongoose was dodging the snake. Suddenly the crow flew down to attack the snake. Sadly, the crow was bitten by the snake, and it fell dead on the ground.

 

6. Still, myna was sitting on the cactus and watching the fight. After fighting for a long time, the cobra became tired and weak. The mongoose caught the cobra by its mouth and took it into the bushes in the yard. The myna flew down bravely and looked into the bushes. Then, she flew away with a congratulatory squeal. Finally, the fight was won by the mongoose.

A .Complete the following sentences.

 .1.The old banyan tree “did not belong” to the grandfather, but only to the boy, because_____________________________________ .

2.The small gray squirrel became friendly when_____________________________________
3.When the boy started to bring him pieces of cake and biscuit, the squirrel
4.In the spring, the banyan tree_____________________________________________ and
__________________________________________ would come there.
5.The banyan tree served the boy as a____________________________________________ .
6.The young boy spent his afternoons in the tree____________________________________

Ans.

1. the old man was not strong enough to climb it
2.it found that the boy carried no catapult or air/gun in his hand
3.became bold enough to take pieces of food from his hand
4.was full of small red figs, birds of all kinds
5 reading room where he had made a rough platform to sit and read books
6.leaning against the tree, reading story books,

B.Answer the following questions.

1.“It was to be a battle of champions.” 
(i)What qualities did the two champions have? Pick out words and phrases from the paragraph above this line in the text and write them down.

Mongoose                                                          Cobra

(a)________________        (a) ______________

(b)_______________            (b) ______________

(c)_______________             (r) ______________

Ans.	(a) a great fighter	(a) skilled and experienced champion fighter
	(b) very clever and swift	(b) had a broad hood and poisonous teeth
	(c) made calculated move	(c) swift in speed and attack

(ii)What did the cobra and the mongoose do, to show their readiness for the fight?

Ans. The cobra produced a hissing sound to challenge the mongoose to a fight. It raised three feet of its body off the ground. It spread its broad hood. The mongoose bushed its tail. The long hair on its back also stood up.

2. Who were the other two spectators? What did they do? (Did they watch, or did they join in the fight?) 

Ans. In addition to the narrator, the two other onlookers of the fight were a myna and a wild crow. First of all they sat on the cactus plant to watch the outcome of the fight. In the end, they took part in the game. Both tried to pick up the cobra for their meal. The crow got bitten and died. The mongoose dragged the snake away into the bushes. The myna also flew away.

3.(i) What happened to the crow in the end? 
(ii) What did the myna do finally? 

Ans. (i) In the end, the crow got bitten by the cobra and it fell dead.

(ii) The myna flew to the ground, looked into the bushes, gave a shrill cry and flew away.

B.The words in the box are all words that describe movement. Use them to fill in the blanks in the sentences below.

dived      gliding        sprang      darting

whipped…back        delving

1.When he began to trust me, the squirrel began_______________________ into my pockets for morsels of cake.
2. saw a cobra______________ out of a clump of cactus.
3.The snake hissed, his forked tongue______________________ in and out.
4.When the cobra tried to bite it, the mongoose________________________ aside.
5.The snake _________________  his head ________________  to strike at the crow.
6.The birds __________________ at the snake.

Ans. 1.delving / to delve
2.gliding
3.darting / darted                                                                        4.sprang
5.whipped, back
6.dived

C. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Though the house and grounds belonged to my grandparents, the magnificent old banyan tree was mine — chiefly because Grandfather, at sixty-five, could no longer climb it. Its spreading branches, which hung to the ground and took root again, forming a number of twisting passages, gave me endless pleasure. Among them were squirrels and snails and butterflies. The tree was older than the house, older than Grandfather, as old as Dehradun itself. I could hide myself in its branches, behind thick green leaves, and spy on the world below.

i. Name the story and its writer.

ii. How did the old banyan tree become the author's sole property?

iii. Name some of the creatures that amused the author.

iv. What did the author do there?

v. Find a word from the above passage that means opposite to ordinary.      

 Ans:

i. The story is The 'Banyan Tree' and its writer is Ruskin Bond.

ii. The author's grandfather was too old to climb the banyan tree. So it became the sole property of the author because he could climb the tree and hid himself behind the branches of the tree.

iii. Squirrels, snails, and butterflies moved about below. The sight of these playful creatures amused the author.

iv. The author used to hide himself in the tree's branches, behind the thick green leaves and spy on the world below.

v. The word is magnificent.

Class 10 English Grammar and Composition

 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION

DETERMINERS

Definition of Determiners - Determiners are those words that are prefixed before nouns to determine their meaning. They can be divided into the following types:

1) Articles- a, an, the

2) Demonstratives- this, that, these, those

3) Possessives- my, your, our, his, her, its, their

4) Indefinite Adjectives- some, any, much, many, little, few, less

5) Others- all, each, every, both, neither, either, other, another, enough, most, several, one, two, etc.

1. ARTICLES (TYPE OF DETERMINER)

(1) The Definite Article (The)

"The" is called the definite article. It defines its noun as something specific (e.g., something previously mentioned or known, something unique, something being identified by the speaker).

 This is the lake.

(This is a previously specified lake, i.e., one already known to the readers.)

(2) The Indefinite Article (A, An)

"A" and "an" are called the indefinite articles. They define their noun as something unspecific (e.g., something generic, something mentioned for the first time).

 This is a lake.

(This is a previously unspecified lake.)

Important points to remember

i. The spelling of the word following the determiner is not important only the sound is important. Few

 words given below start with vowel letters but do not have vowel sounds. So the determiner ‘a’ is attached to them. For example: A union, A one rupee coin, etc

ii. There are a few words that start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds. They are preceded by the

determiner ‘an’. For example: an honest man, an honour.

2. Demonstratives (This, that, These, Those)

Note that demonstrative determiners can also be used as demonstrative pronouns. When they are used as determiners they are followed by the nouns they modify. Compare:

This is my camera. (Demonstrative used as a pronoun, subject of the verb is)

This camera is mine. (Demonstrative used as a determiner modifying the noun camera.)

The demonstrative determiners are used to talk about persons or things that have already been mentioned.

This and These refer to the things that are near and can be seen. ‘That‘ and ‘Those‘ are used to refer to the things that are at a distance but can be seen.

1. We lived in this house for four years.

2. I like this school.

This’ and ‘that’ are used for singular nouns and ‘these’ and ‘those’ for plural nouns.

1. Can you lift that box?

2. Would you like to buy those books?

3. Possessives (My, our, your, his, her, its, their)

The possessives are used to show possession.

Possessive determiners are different from possessive pronouns - mine, his, hers, yours, ours, theirs.

Possessive pronouns can stand alone and are not followed by nouns.

Possessive determiners, on the other hand, are followed by nouns.

Compare

This is my house. (my is a possessive determiner. It is followed by the noun house which it modifies)

Is that car yours? (yours is a possessive pronoun. It is not followed by a noun.)

4. Ordinals: first, second, next, last, etc.

The ordinals show what position something has in a series:

1. He is the first boy who has joined this school.

2. I shall meet him the next week.

3. He is the last man to help you.

5. Cardinals: one, two, three, hundred, etc.

Cardinals are ordinary numbers like one, two, three, etc. They show how many of something there are:

 There were only ten boys in the class.

 She lived for eighty years.

 He has two daughters.

6. Quantifiers: much, some, several, a lot of, both, all, etc.

The quantifiers refer to the quantity of things or amount of something.

 All children enjoyed the show.

 They didn’t make much progress.

 There was little water in the jug.

7. Distributives: each, every, either, neither.

Distributive determiners refer to each single member of a group.

1. Each is used when we talk about the members of a group individually and every when we make a general state-

ment. Both are followed by a singular countable noun:

  .He met each guest.

2. The minister visited every flood-affected area.

Either is used to talk about two things, but usually indicates that only one of the two is involved.

1. Either of the two girls should come here.

2. Neither is the negative of either:

Neither member came to attend the meeting.

3. Either can also mean

People stood in either side (both sides) of the road.

4.Neither is followed by a singular noun.

NARRATION: DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

General Rules:

We remove inverted commas in Indirect speech.

We remove comma(,) used after the Reporting Verb.

No change in the Tense of Reporting Verb. If there is an object after Reporting Verb, change ‘said to’ into ‘told’.

Tenses, Pronouns and words denoting nearness of time or position are changed.

Rule-1 : If Reporting Verb is in Present or Future Tense, Tense of Reported Speech is not changed-

He says, “Hari is not well.”

He says that Hari is not well.

Rule-2 : If Reporting Verb is in Past Tense, Tense of Reported Speech is changed in corresponding past tense.

Tense of the Verb in Direct speech Tense of the Verb in Indirect speech

V1/V1 + (s/es)

Does/do + not + V1

Is/are/am + V1 (ing)

Has/have + V3

Has/have + been + V1 (ing)

V2

Did + not + V1

Was/were + V1(ing)

Will/shall/can/may +V1

Must/would/should/ought(to)/dare(to) +V1

V2

Did not + V1

Was/were + V1 (ing)

Had + V3

Had + been + V1 (ing)

Had + V3

Had + not + V3

Had + been + V1(ing)

Would/should/could/might + V1

Must/would/should/ought(to)/dare(to) +V1

*IF the sentence of Reporting speech is Universal Truth, Habitual actions, or Historical fact or any Proverb, the Tense of Reported Speech does not change though the Reporting Verb may be in the Past Tense.

My father said, “The Sun rises in the east.”

My father said that the sun rises in the east.

RULES FOR CHANGING PRONOUNS

RULES FOR CHANGING Adverbs of time and place

Ago => before Now => then Tonight => that night

Come => go This =>that Today => That day

Here => there These => those Yet => Still

Tomorrow => the next day / the following day

Yesterday => the previous day / the day before

Yesterday morning => the previous morning / the morning before

RULES OF CHANGING QUESTIONS (Interrogative Sentences)

-Reporting Verb ‘said to’ is changed to ‘asked’ or ‘enquired’ and ‘say to’ into ‘ask’.

‘that’ conjunction is not used.

-Interrogative Sentences is changed into Assertive Sentence. Sign of Interrogation (?) is removed and full Stop (.) is

used in its place .

He said to me, “Where is she?”

He asked me where she was.

-Pronoun, Verb and other words of Reported Speech are changed according to the rules of the Assertive Sentence.

If there is an auxiliary verb (is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, shall, will, has, have, had, can/may) in the beginning of the Reported Speech, connective word ‘if’ or ‘whether’ is used.

Hari said to me, “Are you reading a book?”

Hari asked me if I was reading a book.

TENSES

Past Present Future

Simple action that ended in the past.

An action that is habitual or repeated.

A plan for an action in the future

Formula Painted Paints/Paint Will paint.

Person Nominative or Subjective form

Objective Form Reflexive form Possessive form

First Person

I We Me Us Myself Ourselves my, mine

our, ours

Second Person

You Yourself/yourselves Your, yours

Third Person

He She It They Him He It Them

Himself Herself Itself Themselves

His Her, hers Its Their, theirs

Word clue He painted yesterday She paints every weekend. She will paint tomorrow.

CONTINUOUS
(be)+ (verb) +ing.

An action that was happening(past continuous) when another action finished (simple past).

An action is in the process of happening now.

An action that will happen in the future for a length of time.

Will be painting

Formula Was/were painting Am/are/is painting

Word clue I was painting when I saw the accident.

She is painting now. They will be painting when you arrive tomorrow.

PERFECT
(have)+ (verb)3

An action that finished before another action or time inthe past.

An action that happened at an unsaid time in the past.

An action that will finish before another action or time in the future.

Formula Had painted. Have/haspainted Will have painted

Word clue We had painted the house before the rain started.

She has painted many portraits.

He will have painted the bedroom before his daughter comes home.

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(have)+been +ing(verb)+ing

An action that happened over time in the past before another action.

An action that happens over time, starting in the past and continuing into the present.

An action that happens over time in the future before another action.

Formula Had been painting Have/has been painting Will have been painting

Word clue She had been painting for a while

when she started classes.

I have been painting landscapes since I started school.

We will have been painting for several hours before we can see how it looks.

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

1. If the subject is singular the verb must be singular too.

Eg 1: She writes neatly. Eg 2 : I sing in the evening.

2. If the subject is plural the verb must be plural

Eg : They play with agility.

3. When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns then use a plural verb.

Eg : The director and actors work hard to put up a good show.

4. When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the sentence must agree with a the subject.

Eg : The management is strict and is thinking of making some changes in the rulebook.

5. When a phrase comes between the subject and verb, the verb still agrees with the subject not with the noun

or pronoun in the phrase following the subject of the sentences.

Eg : The student with all the copies is allowed to enter the class.

6. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ use a singular verb.

Eg : The manager or the assistant manager approves the bill.

7. When a compound subject contains both a singular and plural noun joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ the verb should

agree with the subject that is closest to the verb.

Eg : The trainer or the officers write the report.

The officers or the trainer writes the report.

8. The following words and phrases require singular verb: each, everyone, each one, either, neither,

everybody, anyone, anybody, no body, somebody, someone, no one.

Eg : Each of the runners was given the kit.

Neither of you was exempted.

9. Uncountable nouns take a singular verb.

Eg : The information was disseminated by the researchers.

The research is essential for upgradation.

10. Some countable nouns such as earnings, goods, odds, surroundings, proceeds, contents and valuable only

have plural form and take plural verb.

Eg : The goods in godown are expensive.

The earnings need to be mentioned in the form.

11. In sentences beginning with there the verb agrees with what follows the verb.

Eg : There are many factors affecting the rise in temperature.

There is little to do in this field.

12. Collective nouns are considered singular and take singular verb. example group, committee, family and

class but if the focus is on individuals in the group then the verb will be plural. This is rare.

Eg : The group does the work everyday.

The team leaves at five in the morning.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal are those auxiliary or helping verbs that are used to express the mode or manner of the actions indicated by

the main verbs. They express modes such as certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability. Here

are some characteristics of modal verbs:

1. They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...

2. They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e. i. the bare infinitive.)

Here is a list of modals with examples:

Modal Verb Expressing Example

1. Must Strong obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.

Logical conclusion / Certainty He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.

2. Must not Prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.

3. Can Ability I can swim.

Permission Can I use your phone please?

Possibility Smoking can cause cancer.

4. Could Ability in the past When I was young, I could run fast.

Polite permission/request Excuse me, could I just say something?

Possibility Accident could be avoided.

5. May Permission May I use your phone please?

Blessings May God bless you with a long life!

Possibility, Probability There are heavy clouds in the sky. It may rain today!

6. Might Guessing He might be sleeping at this time.

Lesser possibility, probability I might go on a holiday to Australia next year.

7. Need not Lack of necessity/absence I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in

of obligation the fridge.

8. Should/ Obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.

ought to Advice You should / ought to revise your lessons

Logical conclusion He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long.

10. Will Order You will do it just now.

Threat You will be punished.

Determination They/we will work hard to win the match.

11. Would Habitual action I would listen to music all day long.

Willingness I would work hard to come up to your expectations.

Footprints Without Feet Notes Class 10 English

 FOOTPRINTS WITHOUT FEET

CHAPTER -1 A TRIUMPH OF SURGERY By James Herriot

 James Herriot stops his car and sees the poor health of Mrs Pumphrey’s dog, Tricki.

 He advises Mrs Pumphrey to put Tricki on a strict diet and make him exercise daily.

 Mrs Pumphrey continues to overfeed Tricki, which worsens his condition.

 She calls Herriot for help on noticing Tricki’s deteriorating health.

 Herriot decides to hospitalise Tricki for a fortnight to treat him.

 Tricki’s hospitalisation left Mrs Pumphrey and the helpers at home in tears.

 Tricki was kept on a strict diet in the hospital. His diet was increased according to the improvements he showed.

 Mrs Pumphrey’s anxiousness about Tricki’s health went away on learning that Tricki was convalescing satisfactorily.

 She started to send eggs, wine and brandy for Tricki to enrich his blood and improve his health.

 These items were instead enjoyed by James Herriot and his partner.

 Tricki was transformed from a weak fat dog to a hard-muscled and agile one.

 James Herriot calls Mrs Pumphrey to come and take Tricki home

1. “Herriot is dutiful doctor who cared for other’s emotions more than his personal interests.” Prove the statement.

In the lesson "A Triumph of Surgery," James Herriot is a  veterinarian, he knew exactly what was causing Tricki's illness. Still, he didn't want to tell Mrs. Pumphrey since he didn't want to add to her worry. He appeared to be a nobleman with a compassionate nature who sympathised after seeing a sick dog exacerbated by its bad food habits. As an experienced veterinary doctor, he expected Tricki to become unwell as a result of its poor eating habits. And when things became worse, he didn't blame Mrs. Pumphrey for feeding Tricki unhealthy meals and failing to exercise him on a regular basis. Instead, he gently advised her that, given the situation, Tricki needed to be admitted to the hospital. Mrs. Pumphrey was likewise reassured by his assurance that Tricki will be cured shortly. Despite the fact that he did not follow Tricki's prescription, he kept an eye on him in the hospital and made plans to cure him. When Tricki was finally cured, he cheerfully returned it to Mrs. Pumphrey as promised.

2. Do you think there are also parents like Mrs Pumphrey? Give reasons for your answer.

Yes, there are many parents like Mrs Pumphrey. It is not just the concern they have for their child's health, it is also their over affection which makes them over feed their children the amount and the type of food which they shouldn't.

CHAPTER -2 THE THIEF STORY By Ruskin Bond

 Anil was 25 years old writer but a very careless person. He was struggling to write for earning money to run his life.

 One day Anil befriends Hari. Anil promised Hari that he would teach him how to write, add numbers and how to cook tasty food. Now both were living together happily.

 One day Hari saw Anil keeping a bundle of notes under the mattress.

 That night Hari stole the bundle of notes and ran away from there for the railway station to board a train to Lucknow. But, he missed it. Suddenly it started raining and Hari Singh was completely wet.

 There was a conflict in his mind. He did not want to betray the faith of Anil.. He felt guiltier as he had cheated an innocent person.

 Hari Singh had a change of heart. He decided to return to Anil and keep the money under the pillow.

 The next morning, Anil offered Hari Singh Rs. 50 and told him he would now be paid regularly

 He realized that the note was still wet from the rain last night. Hari got to know that Anil had come to know about his misdeed but there was no sadness, anger or guilt in his mind.

 Moral : Human values and relations are important in life and such values can change a person too.

 The Thief by Ruskin Bond, is based on the theme of friendship, betrayal, aspirations, connection, trust, guilt, change, kindness, loyalty, revenge and honesty.

1. Love, human sympathy and education can transform even a thief. Anil brings such a change in Hari Singh. How?

Education, love and sympathy can transform even a thief. This is true in the case of Hari Singh as earlier, he used to easily cheat people. But after he met Anil he changed a lot. Anil taught him various skills like reading and writing. He groomed him and made him a better person. Even after stealing money from Anil, Hari Singh decided to return the stolen money because Hari thinks that Anil will react to the theft by showing a touch of sadness. This sadness would not be for the loss of money but for the loss of trust. He also thought that by using the skills Anil taught him, he will be able to earn much more money than what he was stealing at that point of time. He didn't want to betray Anil because it was the first time someone had trusted him this much. This tells us that Hari Singh's heart has changed and he had become a better person.

2. How did Hari Singh come into contact with Anil? Hari Singh breached Anil’s trust in him .Why did Anil not only forgive him but also promised to pay him regularly?

As we know Hari Singh was an thief. Hari Singh first met anil when he was watching a wrestling match. Anil had trust on the thief. he had give him the key if his room the thief could come and go in the room according to his own . Hari steals money from anol by making him to be trusted. but , he couldn't run away with that money because the trust of anil on Hari made . Hari to come back and keep the money in the same place. In this way Anil started paying him regularly.

CHAPTER 3 : FOOTPRINTS WITHOUT FEET by H G Wells

 The story is about a scientist named Griffin who had discovered a rare drug that made him invisible.

 One day two boys noticed the footprints of someone (Griffin) and followed those until those became invisible.

 First, Griffins entered a mall, wore some warm clothes and ate cold meat and drank some coffee.

 Later he went to a grocery store but in the morning when some of the store assistants had seen him, he quickly threw away all the clothes he was wearing and became invisible again.

 He then decided to steal clothes from a theatre company and stole bandages for his face, dark glasses, false nose and a hat for covering himself.

 He then hit the shopkeeper and stole all his money. Soon he realized that London is too crowded to live like this, he came to stay at an inn at the Iping village.

 There he stole money from people and also hit the landlord and his wife Mrs and Mr Hall.

 Then the village constable Mr Jaffers was asked for help. Mr. Jaffers. The constable also found out that he would have to arrest a man who did not have a head.

 They were unable to catch Griffin as he removed all his clothes and became invisible. He even knocked out Jaffers as he tried to catch him.

1. What extraordinary things happened at the inn?

At the inn, Mrs Hall and her husband went into the scientist's room on finding its door open. However, he was not seen in the room, but Mrs Hall heard a sniff and the hat on the bedpost leapt up and dashed into her face. Then the bedroom chair sprang into the air and pushed them both out of the room.

2. Griffins was not a true scientist as he misused his scientific discovery. Substantiate by giving two incidents from the story.

Griffin misused his scientific discovery and it is noticeable in these two incidents. Firstly after attempts of being ejected by his landlord, he set the house on fire in revenge. He had done this conveniently after taking some rare drugs that made him as transparent as a sheet of glass. The second incident occurs after he gets caught sleeping in a London store. To find warmth and wear clothes, he attacks and robs money from a storekeeper. Then he books a room at an inn and requests that he is not to be disturbed. Here a series of unusual events take place. First the landlord and his wife enter the scientist's room in his absence to investigate. They find his bedclothes cold, his clothes and hat lying about the room. Suddenly she hears a sniff close to her ears and the hat flies into her face. The bedroom chair comes to life and charges at her legs. Then it pushes Mr. and Mrs. Hall out of the room and locks the door. Thus, we see how the brilliant scientist misuses his scientific discovery.

3. What makes you think that Griffin was a lawless person?

Yes, we can say that Griffin was a lawless person. He didn't follow the law and order of the country as he thought of having his revenge by setting out fire in his landlord's property. He didn't believe in observing law. He robbed a shopkeeper of all the money he could find.

CHAPTER 6 – THE MAKING OF A SCIENTIST by Robert W. Peterson

 At the age of 22, Richard. H. Ebright excited the world of science with a new theory on cells

 Richards scientific career started with butterflies, he collected butterflies when he was in Kindergarten.

 His mother encouraged his interest in learning, took him on trips, bought telescopes, microscopes, cameras and other equipments.

 His father died very young and his mother became his only companion and motivator.

 By the time Richard was in the 2nd grade, he had collected 25 species of butterflies found around his hometown.

 His mother gifted him a children's book called The Travels of Monarch X.

 The book described how Monarch butterflies migrated to Central America and opened the world of science for Richard Ebright.

 Ebright raised a flock of butterflies in his basement .He sent tagged butterflies to Dr Urquhart, the writer of the book .

 In the 7th grade, he entered the County Science Fair and lost .

 He wrote to Dr Urquhart for new ideas and received many suggestions for experiments.

 The next year, his science fair project was to test the theory that Viceroy butterflies copied Monarch butterflies. The project was placed 1st in the Zoology division and the 3rd overall in the County Science Fair.

 In his 2nd year in high school, Richard Ebright discovered an unknown insect hormone.

 He and his friend showed that tiny gold spots on butterflies produced a hormone that was necessary for the butterfly's full development.

 This project won Ebright 1st place in the county fair and an entry into the International Science and Engineering Fair.

 He grew cells from a monarch butterfly's wing in a culture, was able to identify the hormone’s chemical structure, showed how the cell can 'read' the blueprint of its DNA .

 Richard graduated from Harvard with highest honours, 2nd in his class of 1,516.

 His other interests-was a champion debater, good canoeist, and an expert photographer.

 Richard had a great admiration for his social studies teacher, Richard .A. Weiherer, who opened his mind to new ideas.

 He was competitive but not in a bad sense. He wanted to be the best.

 The Travels Monarch X opened the world of science to him and he never lost his scientific curiosity after that.

 Main ingredients in making of a scientist our curiosity, first-rate mind and will to win for the right reasons.

1. Explain the importance of mother in a child's life with reference to the chapter' The Making of a Scientist’ and your own ideas.

Richard Ebright's mother helped him by encouraging his interest in learning. She took him on trips, bought him telescopes, microscopes, cameras, mounting materials and other equipments, and helped him in many other ways. If he did not have anything to do, she found things for him to learn.

2. Who were the important people in Richard Ebright's life and why?

Frederick A Urquhart , who inspired him to study butterflies, were quite important in Albright's life, Also, Ridded A. Weathered, Albright's Social Studies teacher opened Albright's mind to new ideas and praised him for his handwork and indomitable spirit.

3. What are the essential qualities for becoming a scientist?

The author mentions three qualities that go into the making of a scientist—a first-rate mind, curiosity, and the will to win for the right reasons.

CHAPTER-5 THE NECKLACE by Guy De Maupassant

 Matilda, an ordinary woman, unhappy with her monotonous simple life, dreams of grandeur all the time.

 M. Loisel, Matilda’s husband, is satisfied with what he has. He is also happy being a clerk.

 Loisels get invited to a ball at the Minister of Public Instruction’s place.

 Loisel thinks that his wife would be happy to know about the invitation to the ball.

 Matilda is displeased and refused to go as she does not have a dress to wear to the ball.

 Her husband offers to buy her a dress for four hundred francs.

 Matilda buy a good dress but is still unhappy as she has no jewel to complement the beautiful dress.

 Her husband suggests borrowing jewels from her friend, Mme Forestier.

 Mme Forestier lends Matilda a diamond necklace.

 Matilda becomes a celebrity at the ball party as everyone admires her beauty.

 Unfortunately, the couple discovers the necklace is lost as they reach home.

 M Loisel contacts the police, cab offices, advertises to award the finder of the necklace but to no avail. They decide to buy a new necklace to replace it.

 M Loisel collects 18000 francs and they borrow eighteen thousand more to pay for the necklace.

 The couple spends ten years to pay back the debt, working day and night and suffering from dire poverty.

 Ten years of poverty and misery render them old and weary.

 M Loisel meets Mme Forestier one day and narrates the story of the necklace.

 Mme Forestier informs her necklace was worth just five hundred Francs. The story focuses that one should be content and satisfied with their belongings and not crave for expensive items that are not within their economical capabilities. Extreme desire for lavish items leads to unhappiness and loss of peace of mind.

1. What did Matilda often dream of?

Matilda would often dream of all the delicacies, luxuries, elegant dinners, marvellous dishes, rich silver, beautiful dresses, jewels, adoration and a life of glory. She would escape into her dreams from the dullness of her very humble existence.

2. Describe Mme Loisel’s success at the ball.

On the day of the ball, Mme Lisle was a great success. Mme Loisel was the centre of attention at the ball. Her beauty, her grace, her joy and the gorgeous smile captivated all.. She looked the prettiest of all elegant, gracious, smiling and full of joy.

3. What was the cause of Matilda’s ruin? How could she avoid it?

She was always dissatisfied and unhappy, craving for all the delicacies and luxuries of life. She could have avoided it by accepting her fate and like her husband, been happy, contented, satisfied and lived the life she was destined to live

CHAPTER- 8 BHOLI by K. A. Abbas

 The story is about a little girl named Sulekha who was called ‘Bholi’ for being as simpleton.

 Her father Ramlal was always worried about her as she stammered and had pockmarks on her face.

 One day, at the request of the Tehsildar of their village Ramlal agreed to send Bholi to school.

 In the school, Bholi met a teacher who was very kind and polite to her. She encouraged her to study and speak with confidence. This filled hope in Bholi.

 Years passed and Bholi’s parents decided to marry her to a lame old man who was a widower but was rich and had not demanded any dowry.

 On the wedding day, the groom demanded dowry of Rs.5000 as Bholi had pock marks on her face.

 Bholi could not bear all this and refused to marry a greedy old man. People accused her of being shameless. The marriage ceremony ended without Bholi getting married.

 Her father was surrounded by grief as now no one would marry her and what would she do in future.

 To this, she replied that she would take care of her parents when they grew old and would teach in her school. Her teacher, who was quietly watching all this, felt proud of her decision.

 The major theme of the story Bholi is the impact of family on children. Bholi is a little girl who fails to develop self-confidence because of her parents’ attitude towards her. The story hints at why family support and emotional security are essential for proper development of a child. Also, disabled children must be given encouragement, love and, education like their normal counterparts.

1. Why was Ramlal worried about his daughter Bholi and not about his other children?

Ramlal was worried about Bholi because she had neither good looks nor intelligence. She stammered also she had pox marks on her face. Ramlal worried about her that nobody would marry her.

2. How does Bholi’s teacher play an important role in changing Bholi’s course of life?

Bholi's teacher played an important role in changing the course of her life. She was polite and friendly which touched her heart. She encouraged Bholi every time and was affectionate towards her. She asked Bholi to put aside her fear of not being able to speak properly.

3. How significant is the education,that Bholi received, to her life and decisions?

After years of gaining education and with the help of her teacher, Bholi turned into a confident girl. She no longer stammered and could speak properly. She even had the courage to refuse marrying the lame old man because he was greedy and asked money from her father to marry her.

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